Trump Impeachment 2.0: The Current Situation, Senators to Watch, and Proposed Alternatives

Trump Impeachment 2.0: The Current Situation, Senators to Watch, and Proposed Alternatives

Introduction: On January 13, 2021, Donald Trump (R) made history as the first President to be impeached twice, as the House of Representatives sent the Article of Impeachment accusing the President of supporting a domestic insurrection ("Trump impeached"). The House impeachment vote also made history, with a record 10 House members from the President's party voting in favor of impeachment, joining all 222 House Democrats. In the past three House Impeachment votes (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump's first impeachment), no more than 5 members from the President's party voted in favor of impeaching the then-President on any charge (Sheth). The lone Article of Impeachment this time accuses President Trump of supporting a domestic insurrection, thus violating the oath of office ("Trump impeached"). To convict and remove President Trump from office, 67 Senators will need to vote to convict, or two-thirds of the Senate (Williams). Like the first time Trump was impeached, speculation has begun about what outcomes are possible and most likely to come out of the Senate, especially how Senate Republicans will vote on the charges (Jalonick). 

Recap on Past Presidential Impeachments:

• President Andrew Johnson (D) (1867-1868): Almost 90 years into America's existence as a nation, and coming out of both the contentious Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln's assassination, President Andrew Johnson became the first President to face impeachment (Riley). As an ex-Democrat who joined Lincoln's ticket, Johnson clashed with Congressional Republicans who felt that he was too soft on Reconstruction ("The impeachment of"). Congressional Republicans passed several acts to contain Johnson, including one that forbid him from firing cabinet secretaries. President Johnson challenged this by firing Secretary of War Edward Stanton, causing the House to pass impeachment articles against him. In the Senate, President Johnson was narrowly acquitted, as one more vote would have been needed to remove him from office ("The impeachment of"; The man"). 
• President Bill Clinton (D) (1998-1999): The impeachment articles passed against President Clinton were not directly related to any of his famous scandals (including "LewinskyGate"), but were related to Clinton's alleged responses to the Congressional investigations into his scandals. During and after the Congressional investigations, President Clinton was accused of lying about, and trying to cover up the Lewinsky scandal. With these accusations in mind, the House passed two Articles of Impeachment against Clinton, one alleging perjury, and the other alleging obstruction of justice. The Senate voted to acquit him on both articles, with some Republicans joining all 45 Democrats (Riley; Wolf). 
• Donald Trump (R) (2019-2020) (first impeachment): In September 2019, a phone call between President Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky was leaked by a State Department whistleblower. The whistleblower alleged that in the phone call, President Trump appeared to suggest that military aid to Ukraine would be withheld unless they investigated (now President-Elect) Joe Biden's son Hunter for allegedly gaining a seat on Ukraine's energy company Burisma based on his family name instead of his credentials (Prokop and Yglesias). Before this, multiple Articles of Impeachment had already been tabled in the House, but none gained significant support from a majority of the Democratic caucus before September 2019. However, when this scandal was unveiled, Democratic support for impeachment increased, leading to Speaker Pelosi initiating a series of hearings about the scandal (Naylor). In late December 2019, the House voted on two articles of impeachment sent by the House Judiciary Committee, with one alleging abuse of power, and another alleging that Trump tried to obstruct the Congressional investigations into the scandal. All House Republicans were against the articles, while two Democrats voted against Article I (abuse of power), and were joined by a third in voting against Article II (obstruction). (Herb and Raju). One month later, the Senate voted on the impeachment articles, with all 48 Senate Democrats voting to convict. They were joined by Sen. Mitt Romney (R-UT), who became the first Senator from an impeached President's party voting to convict on Article I, although Romney rejoined his Senate colleagues for Article II (Booker). Without a two-thirds majority, Trump was acquitted on both charges.

The Current Senate Situation: On Tuesday, the Article of Impeachment was carried to the Senate, and the Senators took their oaths, thus beginning the trial. The main trial itself will start on February 9th, allowing the Impeachment Managers and Trump's legal team to form their arguments (Jansen). Assuming all Democrats support conviction, at least 17 Republican Senators will have to vote to convict Trump (Barrett et al.). 

Debate over Constitutionality: One day later, Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY) tabled a vote that questioned the trial's constitutionality, as it involves an ex-President being impeached. Five Senate Republicans joined the 50 Democrats, thus killing the attempt. Despite the loss, Sen. Paul and others claimed that the vote shows evidence that the impeachment trial would not succeed due to the lack of significant Republican crossover. However, Senate Minority Whip John Thune (R-SD) responded by noting that this vote did not bind Senators for the actual trial vote, while others wanted a formal debate on the trial's constitutionality before the trial (Barrett et al.). Recently, a letter signed by 150 legal scholars and experts asserted that nothing in the Constitution prohibits the impeachment of a Federal official after they leave office, noting that a successful impeachment not only removes officeholders, but prohibits them from holding office in the future (Bertrand). 

Swing Senators to Watch: As of Jan. 28th, no Republican Senators have explicitly committed to convicting President Trump, but several have hinted at it. Among those who have include Sen. Pat Toomey (R-PA) (who is retiring in 2022), Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), and Rep. Ben Sasse (R-NE). In addition, Sens. Susan Collins (R-ME) and Mitt Romney (R-UT) harshly condemned Trump for the violence in the Capitol without hinting at their impeachment vote (Jackson); note that out of these five, Romney was the only one who voted to convict during the last trial (on Article I only). The most critical Republican Senator to watch is Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), who recently stated that he believes Trump committed impeachable offenses. His vote could likely be critical due to his status as the Senate Republican leader. There has been speculation that if he votes to convict, it could lead to other Republican Senators joining him (Zhou). 

On the Democrats' side, the most important Senator to watch is Sen. Joe Manchin (D-WV), a moderate Democrat who is now a swing vote in the Senate. Recently, Manchin spoke in favor of impeachment while voicing concern that the trial could get in the way of other important Senate priorities such as confirming President Biden's nominees (Thomas). However, Manchin voted against Sen. Paul's resolution discussed above, further solidifying his position for now (Sanchez). 

Alternative Paths to Holding Trump Accountable?: As part of the debate over the current impeachment trial, alternative paths have been put forward as a means to hold Trump accountable regardless of the trial's outcome. 

• Censure: Congressional talk about censuring Trump has circulated extensively since the Capitol Riots, which are only verbal reprimands from Congress. As a proposed alternative to House Impeachment, a group of Republican House members put forward a resolution to censure Trump, including several others who ended up voting on impeachment (Axelrod). In the aftermath of the vote on Sen. Paul's resolution, Senators Susan Collins (R-ME) and Tim Kaine (D-VA) have been crafting a Senate Censure resolution that includes language from the 14th Amendment (explained below) (Pecorin and Turner). Despite the rough path censure faces in the Senate, Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) has hinted that censure will be heavily-considered if the Senate trial fails to convict Trump (Carney, "Trump censure"). 
• 14th Amendment: Among other provisions, the 14th Amendment contains a provision whereby an individual can be disqualified from holding public office for participating in a rebellion or insurrection against the United States. To disqualify, both Houses of Congress would have to give a majority of votes to disqualify, and 2/3rds majority to remove the disqualification if they choose (Zelikow). Multiple Senate Democrats have floated the idea in recent days, especially with continuing uncertainty over the impeachment trial (Carney, "Democrats float").   

Works Cited:

Axelrod, Tad. "GOP lawmakers introduce resolution to censure Trump over Capitol riot." The Hill, 12 Jan. 2021, thehill.com/homenews/house/533953-gop-lawmakers-introduce-resolution-to-censure-trump-over-capitol-attack. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

Barrett, Ted, Clare Foran, and Manu Raju. "Rand Paul calls impeachment 'dead on arrival' after most Republicans signal that trial is unconstitutional." CNN, 27 Jan. 2020, www.cnn.com/2021/01/26/politics/rand-paul-test-vote-impeachment-trial-constitutionality/index.html. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Bertrand, Natasha. "Legal scholars, including at Federalist Society, say Trump can be convicted." Politico, 21 Jan. 2021, www.politico.com/news/2021/01/21/legal-scholars-federalist-society-trump-convict-461089. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

Booker, Brakkton. "Trump Blasts Romney Over Impeachment Vote." National Public Radio, 6 Feb. 2020, www.npr.org/2020/02/06/803445433/trump-blasts-romney-over-impeachment-vote. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Carney, Jordain. "Democrats float 14th Amendment to bar Trump from office." The Hill, 22 Jan. 2021, thehill.com/homenews/senate/535467-democrats-float-14th-amendment-to-bar-trump-from-office. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

---. "Trump censure faces tough odds in Senate." The Hill, 27 Jan. 2021, https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/536210-trump-censure-faces-tough-odds-in-senate. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

Herb, Jeremy, and Manu Raju. "House of Representatives impeaches President Donald Trump." CNN, 19 Dec. 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/12/18/politics/house-impeachment-vote/index.html. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Jackson, Hannah. "Key senators to watch as Trump’s 2nd impeachment trial nears." CBC Global News, 23 Jan. 2021, globalnews.ca/news/7595322/gop-senators-trump-impeachment-trial/. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Jalonick, Mary Clare. "EXPLAINER: What’s next after House impeachment vote." Associated Press, 14 Jan. 2021, apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-impeachments-bill-clinton-mitch-mcconnell-c54737b8290f6a511bb55eab2759b21e. Accessed 14 Jan. 2021. 

Jansen, Bart. "Senate Republicans overwhelmingly back failed challenge to impeachment trial, hinting at Trump acquittal." USA Today, 26 Jan. 2021, www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/01/26/donald-trump-impeachment-trial-begin-senate-mulls-witnesses/6660660002/. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Naylor, Brian. "Impeachment Timeline: From Early Calls To A Full House Vote." National Public Radio, 17 Dec. 2019, www.npr.org/2019/12/17/788397365/impeachment-timeline-from-early-calls-to-a-full-house-vote. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Pecorin, Allison, and Trish Turner. "Bipartisan Senate duo crafts censure resolution that seeks to bar Trump from office." ABC News, 27 Jan. 2021, abcnews.go.com/Politics/bipartisan-senate-duo-crafts-censure-resolution-bar-trump/story?id=75518145. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

Prokop, Andrew. "The second impeachment of Donald Trump, explained." Vox, 13 Jan. 2021, www.vox.com/22223972/trump-impeached-house-senate-trial-former-president. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Prokop, Andrew, and Matthew Yglesias. "The ultimate guide to the Donald Trump’s first impeachment." Vox, 5 Nov. 2019, updated 21 Jan. 2021, www.vox.com/2019/11/5/20914280/impeachment-trump-explained. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Riley, Russell. "THE CLINTON IMPEACHMENT AND ITS FALLOUT." Miller Center, University of Virginia, millercenter.org/the-presidency/impeachment/clinton-impeachment-and-its-fallout. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett. "Senators Kyrsten Sinema and Mark Kelly help clear way for Trump's second impeachment trial." AZCentral, 26 Jan. 2021, www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2021/01/26/sinema-kelly-help-clear-way-trumps-second-impeachment-trial/4267292001/. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Sheth, Sonam. "Trump's 2nd impeachment is the most bipartisan in US history." Business Insider, 13 Jan. 2021, www.businessinsider.com/trump-second-impeachment-most-bipartisan-in-us-history-2021-1. Accessed 14 Jan. 2021. 

"The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) President of the United States." United States Senate, www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Impeachment_Johnson.htm. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

"The man whose." Constitution Daily, National Constitution Center, 16 May 2020, constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-man-whose-impeachment-vote-saved-andrew-johnson. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Thomas, Alex. "Manchin, Capito discuss second Trump impeachment trial ahead of article delivery." West Virginia Metro News, 24 Jan. 2021, wvmetronews.com/2021/01/24/manchin-capito-discuss-second-trump-impeachment-trial-ahead-of-article-delivery/. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

"Trump impeached for 'inciting' US Capitol riot in historic second charge." British Broadcasting Corporation, 14 Jan. 2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55656385. Accessed 14 Jan. 2021. 

Williams, Pete. "Can Trump be tried in the Senate on impeachment charges even after he leaves office? Some experts say yes." NBC News, 8 Jan. 2021, www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/can-trump-be-tried-senate-impeachment-charges-even-after-he-n1253544. Accessed 14 Jan. 2021. 

Wolf, Zachary. "Why was Bill Clinton impeached?" CNN, 17 Dec. 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/politics/bill-clinton-impeachment-explained/index.html. Accessed 27 Jan. 2021. 

Zelikow, Philip. "A Practical Path to Condemn and Disqualify Donald Trump." Lawfare Blog, 22 Jan. 2021, www.lawfareblog.com/practical-path-condemn-and-disqualify-donald-trump. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

Zhou, Li. "No Senate Republicans have backed an impeachment conviction — yet." Vox, 13 Jan. 2021, www.vox.com/22224690/senate-republicans-impeachment. Accessed 28 Jan. 2021. 

Electoral Trends from and Implications of the Georgia Senate Runoffs

Electoral Trends from and Implications of the Georgia Senate Runoffs

Dec. 27, 2020 Discussion of the Georgia Senate Runoffs 

Introduction: For the first time since 2000, Georgia has two Democratic Senators. One (Rev. Raphael Warnock) is the first Black Senator from the Deep South since Reconstruction, the 11th overall, and the first from Georgia (Haney; Stracqualursi). The other (Jon Ossoff) is the youngest elected Senator since a young man named Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (D) was elected to Delaware's Senate seat in 1972 (o'Kane), the first Jewish Senator from the South since 1974 (Oney), and the first Jewish Senator from Georgia (Haney). 

Today's post looks at the results of Georgia's twin Senate runoffs, highlights key electoral trends, and discusses the policy and electoral implications for the new President and beyond. 

Table 1: 2020 and 2021 Georgia Election Results

Note: The Senate Class 3 first-round results refer to the combined total for all Republican candidates, who narrowly had more votes than all Democratic candidates combined. 

Source: "Georgia Election," "January 5, "November 3." 

Map 1: Percentage Margins by County

Note: The colors representing the winning % margin on the map are the same for both runoff elections (not referring to the actual results), hence why only one is posted. 

Map 2: Raw Vote Margins by County

Graph 1: County Margins Bar Chart

Election Data Source: "January 5"

Electoral Trends:

• Nonwhite voters came out. Rural White voters didn't: As Table 1 indicates, both Democrats started off at a disadvantage, as both ended up trailing Republican candidates in their respective races (in the Special, the combined Democratic and Republican candidate vote shares). Nonwhite turnout and margins in the runoffs benefitted Democrats, especially among Black voters, whose turnout did not drop as much as White voters (Evelyn). In addition, Georgia's growing Latino population came out in large numbers for the runoffs, even though their turnout relative to the general election lagged behind White and Black voters (Gamboa). These trends are the culmination of several years of increased engagement among Georgia's diverse nonwhite population, especially with the efforts of ex-House Minority Leader and activist Stacey Abrams (Slodysko). At the same time, White turnout was not as high as the general election, allowing the larger-than-normal nonwhite vote to decide both runoffs, helping both Democrats cruise to victory (Evelyn). On average, normally-red counties saw a larger decline in turnout compared to normally-blue counties relative to November's general election turnout (Bronner et al.). 
• Limits to Democratic suburban growth still exist: While Sens. Ossoff and Warnock did not match Biden's performance in suburban Atlanta (except Gwinnett), they improved over their first-round November performances. In the last pre-runoff post, I noted that both ran behind Biden's narrow victory throughout the state, especially in suburban and urban Atlanta. What this indicates is that while Democrats running in Georgia have seen a massive uptick in Atlanta's suburbs during the Trump era, such growth is not happening at the same speed at all levels. One of the main indicators of this: White college-educated voters did not vote for Ossoff and Warnock as much as they did for Biden in November. Both Senate Democratic candidates ran behind Biden in multiple well-educated White suburban counties such as Cobb and Forsyth (Bronner et al.). Even still, when comparing the runoff results with past results from the same suburban counties, there is no doubt that those counties are continuing to trend blue (or less red) in the Trump era, especially as college-educated White voters continue to bleed from the Republican Party. 
• Urban liberal turnout helped both Democrats: In my pre-runoff assessment, I identified the urban Atlanta counties of DeKalb and Fulton as counties to watch closely for urban liberal turnout, especially urban nonwhite voters. As identified above, they turned out in huge numbers for the Senate runoffs, which significantly helped push both Ossoff and Warnock above 50%. Compared to Biden's 492,000 vote margin, both Senate Democratic candidates ended the runoff with a net margin of about 450,000 votes between the two counties (Graph 1) ("Georgia Election"). When linked with the discussion of the significantly rural White turnout drop above, maintaining this margin relative to turnout was likely critical in putting both Democrats above the finish line, especially considering that in past years, nonwhite turnout (urban and rural) would have declined significantly in runoff elections (Evelyn).

Conclusions: The main policy implication of the two Georgia runoffs is that with a 50-seat majority, President Biden will have greater breadth to pass many of his policy ideas, as Vice-President Harris will be able to break Senate ties. In addition, Democratic Senate leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) is now at the helm of the Senate, thus giving Democrats control over what agenda the Senate could pursue. For example, passing green energy and climate change legislation is more likely, as Democratic Leader Schumer (D-NY) supports the President's climate change policy agenda (Morehouse). Another policy area that is likely to become elevated with the Democratic majority is LGBTQ+ rights, especially as the previous House passed the Equality Act, which contained provisions to explicitly protect the rights of those in that community (Bauer). Proposals to give Americans $2,000 stimulus checks and other COVID-related safety net programs are also more likely to pass than before (Stewart). Finally, Democratic proposals to reform and expand health care access and deal with the ongoing pandemic will likely be a hot topic in the coming months (Bradner and Franco). 

However, despite the Democratic Senate majority, other policy proposals, especially those championed by the party's progressive wing, are still unlikely to move forward. In line with this, President Biden has proclaimed that he plans to work with Congressional Republicans as much as possible (Bradner and Franco). Furthermore, this is complicated by the fact that multiple Democratic Senators are relatively moderate, especially Sens. Joe Manchin (D-WV), Jon Tester (D-MT), and Krysten Sinema (D-AZ), who are likely to be critical swing votes in the Senate. On the other hand, multiple Republican Senators, especially Sens. Mitt Romney (R-UT), Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), and Susan Collins (R-ME) could be influential in moderating legislation aligning with Biden's policy goals. In particular, the sizes of future stimulus packages and increases in tax rates are likely to be decided by these two groups of Senators (Werschkul). 

The victories of Senators-elect Ossoff and Warnock on January 6th also have a number of significant electoral implications for this decade's electoral trends within Georgia, the South, and America as a whole. In particular, these two blue victories reaffirm Georgia's electoral status as a state in transition after being relatively red for the last few decades. These two victories also show the strength of Democrats "rising coalition" in the Sun Belt, which has already transformed Colorado and Virginia into blue states, made North Carolina a perennial competitive one, and continues to inch Texas closer to the battleground group. Finally, while neither Democratic Senator matched Biden's performance in educated White suburbs of Atlanta (e.g. Cobb, Forsyth, Fayette, and Cherokee counties), their performance there was a major improvement over 2014 and 2016, thus solidified the narrative that Democrats' suburban growth is not just because of Trump. 

Election Results:

"Georgia Election Results and Maps 2020." CNN, last updated 19 Jan. 2021, www.cnn.com/election/2020/results/state/georgia. Accessed 20 Jan. 2021. 

"January 5, 2021 Federal Runoff." Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger, last modified 20 Jan. 2021, results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/107556/web.264614/#/summary. Accessed 20 Jan. 2021. 

"November 3, 2020 General Election." Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger, last modified 20 Nov. 2020, results.enr.clarityelections.com/GA/105369/web.264614/#/summary. Accessed 20 Jan. 2021. 

Works Cited:

Bauer, Sydney. "Georgia Senate race holds far-reaching implications — especially for LGBTQ Americans." NBC News, 15 Dec. 2020, www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/georgia-senate-race-holds-far-reaching-implications-especially-lgbtq-americans-n1251264. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. 

Bradner, Robert H., and Miranda A. Franco. "Healthcare Policy Outlook with a Democratic-Controlled Senate." Holland & Knight Law, 20 Jan. 2021, www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2021/01/healthcare-policy-outlook-with-a-democratic-controlled-senate. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. 

Bronner, Laura, et al. "How Democrats Won The Georgia Runoffs." FiveThirtyEight, 7 Jan. 2021, fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-democrats-won-the-georgia-runoffs/. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. 

Evelyn, Kenya. "How Black voters lifted Georgia Democrats to Senate runoff victories." The Guardian, 7 Jan. 2021, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/07/georgia-senate-runoff-black-voters-stacey-abrams. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. 

Gamboa, Suzanne. "In Georgia, Latinos shatter runoff turnout record as groups make last push for voters." NBC News, 5 Jan. 2021, www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/georgia-latinos-shatter-runoff-turnout-record-groups-make-last-push-n1252791. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. 

Haney, Adrianne. "Here's when new Georgia Senators Jon Ossoff, Raphael Warnock will be sworn in." 11 Alive, 19 Jan. 2021, www.11alive.com/article/news/politics/elections/jon-ossoff-raphael-warnock-sworn-in-us-senate/85-494ba577-dfea-449a-b222-4beb470c1faf. Accessed 20 Jan. 2021. 

Morehouse, Catherine. "Democrats to take Senate majority after Georgia victories. Here's how it could impact the power sector." UtilityDive, 7 Jan. 2021, www.utilitydive.com/news/democrats-to-take-senate-majority-after-georgia-victories-heres-how-it-co/592949/. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. 

o'Kane, Caitlin. "Jon Ossoff becomes the youngest Democrat elected to the Senate since Joe Biden in 1973." WTOC 11, 7 Jan. 2021, www.wtoc.com/2021/01/07/jon-ossoff-becomes-youngest-democrat-elected-senate-since-joe-biden/. Accessed 20 Jan. 2021. 

Oney, Steve. "What Jon Ossoff means for the South and its buried Jewish past." The Washington Post, 18 Jan. 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/01/18/what-jon-ossoff-means-south-its-buried-jewish-past/. Accessed 20 Jan. 2021.

Slodysko, Brian. "EXPLAINER: How Democrats won Georgia’s 2 Senate runoffs." Associated Press, 6 Jan. 2021, apnews.com/article/associated-press-georgia-election-result-60954fd7d3d3b6b49a8884c0c026247d. Accessed 23 Jan. 2021. 

Stracqualursi, Veronica. "Warnock will make history as Georgia's first Black senator." CNN, 6 Jan. 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/warnock-georgia-first-black-senator/index.html. Accessed 20 Jan. 2021. 

Stewart, Emily. "“Buckle up”: Democrats signal they’re ready to go on stimulus." Vox, 6 Jan. 2021, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2021/1/6/22216791/georgia-democrats-stimulus-check. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021. 

Werschkul, Ben. "Why the coming Congress will be moderate even with the likely Democratic sweep in Georgia." Yahoo News, 5 Jan. 2021, finance.yahoo.com/news/why-the-coming-congress-will-be-moderate-even-if-democrats-sweep-georgia-184022682.html. Accessed 24 Jan. 2021.